A substantial proportion of veterans are dually enrolled in the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system as well as Medicare and/or Medicaid, which leads to care received inside and outside of the VA. However, the use of non-VA healthcare among this population can lead to fragmented, inefficient, and lower quality of care.

In addition, veterans with HIV in this dually covered population may be at greater risk of poor health-related outcomes due to non-VA use. A recent study examined HIV-infected and uninfected populations of veterans to determine healthcare enrollment, usage, and outcomes